The Kalam Cosmological Argument William Lane Craig

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The Kalam Cosmological Argument William Lane Craig

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Finally, Ghazali argued that this Uncaused First Cause must also be a personal being. It’s the only way to explain how an eternal cause can produce an effect with a beginning like the universe.

Here’s the problem: If a cause is sufficient to produce its effect, then if the cause is there, the effect must be there, too. For example, the cause of water’s freezing is the temperature’s being below 0 degrees Celsius. If the temperature has been below 0 degrees from eternity, then any water around would be frozen from eternity. It would be impossible for the water to begin to freeze just a finite time ago. Now the cause of the universe is permanently there, since it is timeless. So why isn’t the universe permanently there as well? Why did the universe come into being only 14 billion years ago? Why isn’t it as permanent as its cause?

Ghazali maintained that the answer to this problem is that the First Cause must be a personal being endowed with freedom of the will. His creating the universe is a free act which is independent of any prior determining conditions. So his act of creating can be something spontaneous and new. Freedom of the will enables one to get an effect with a beginning from a permanent, timeless cause. Thus, we are brought not merely to a transcendent cause of the universe but to its Personal Creator.

This is admittedly hard for us to imagine. But one way to think about it is to envision God existing alone without the universe as changeless and timeless. His free act of creation is a temporal event simultaneous with the universe’s coming into being. Therefore, God enters into time when He creates the universe. God is thus timeless without the universe and in time with the universe.

Ghazali’s cosmological argument thus gives us powerful grounds for believing in the existence of a beginningless, uncaused, timeless, spaceless, changeless, immaterial, enormously powerful, Personal Creator of the universe.
Ghazali formulates his argument very simply: “Every being which begins has a cause for its beginning; now the world is a being which begins; therefore, it possesses a cause for its beginning.” [1]

Ghazali’s reasoning involves three simple steps:

1. Whatever begins to exist has a cause of its beginning.

2. The universe began to exist.

3. Therefore, the universe has a cause of its beginning.


Q: Does this cosmology require a supernatural/unnatural/non-physical cause?

(If so/if not, why so/not?)

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Re: The Kalam Cosmological Argument William Lane Craig

Post #31

Post by SiNcE_1985 »

.

I'm gonna have some fun with this one...so much to debunk here, making an apologist like me salivate.
Bubuche87 wrote: Fri May 31, 2024 6:12 pm You would have to prove that:
1. infinite regress is actually a problem.
And also, so many ways to disprove infinite regression.

Let's start with a simple one..

1. If the past is eternal, there would have been an infinite amount of days which preceded today.

2. If #1 is true, then today could have never been reached, because an infinite amount of days would have had to be traversed to arrive at today.

3. Infinity cannot be traversed, so there could not have been an infinite amount of days which lead to today.

4. Therefore, today could have only arrived, if there was a single, beginning day.

5. Conclusion: Based on 1-4, infinite regression is impossible.
2. Looping time is actually a problem.
I have no idea what looping time is...admitted ignorance on my part.
3. The universe has a beginning.
Our* universe had a beginning.

This is back by countless observation and experiments...and can be found in any textbook on cosmology.
4. That EVERYTHING that begin to exist must have a cause. Hint: you cannot use things that are inside the universe to infer rules about the universe itself or about what is outside of it. It this kind of reasoning that leads to a pile of turtle: everything on earth is falling, the earth should be falling <= error we know now.
Things don't pop into being uncaused out of nothing...that is what premise 1 is stating.

This premise is intuitive, and people accept this in all cases outside of the kalam argument but people want to become skeptical all of a sudden once it is applied to the kalam, which is a gross example of the taxicab fallacy.
5. That freewill is a thing. I think this idea originated from a time where we couldn't explore what was going on in the brain. Not sure how relevant it is now. Maybe there is a free something but it just has nothing to do with us.
?
6. If you apply rules valid inside the universe to the universe and what is outside of it, then what about "energy can neither be created or destroyed" ? Suddenly you have an entity that has a free pass ?
The first law of thermodynamics (which is what you are referring to) comes into play only AFTER the universe began to exist.
7. What if everything was already there is some form in some state (frozen) but that "entity" freely blipped out of existence and lead to, not the creation of the universe, but the chain reaction that leaded to it.
God would have still did it..so I'm fine with it.
I got 99 problems, dude.

Don't become the hundredth one.

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Re: The Kalam Cosmological Argument William Lane Craig

Post #32

Post by fredonly »

SiNcE_1985 wrote: Mon Jul 22, 2024 1:12 am ....
Our* universe had a beginning.

This is back by countless observation and experiments...and can be found in any textbook on cosmology.
I agree that there are philosophical reasons to believe the past is finite, and I agree this is likely (at least from our temporal perspective). However, you're wrong about this being a proven scientific fact. Quite the opposite: cosmologists are trying to understand what gave rise to the so-called "big bang". But the science is moot, because we both agree the past is finite. This implies there existed an initial state of affairs. As a theist, you probably believed there was an initial state of affairs that consisted of God sans universe.

But this theist assumption is unparsimonious to an extreme. It entails a being that just happens to exist that holds magical knowledge of the truth value of every possible proposition, and this knowledge exists timelessly and uncaused. This includes its design plan for this universe, and the design plans for all possible universes (to "know" what the best possible universe would be).

By contrast, naturalism is based on the undisputed fact the natural world exists, and omits the ad hoc assumption a "spiritual" existence also exists. Laws of nature exist as part of the fabric of natural existence, and this results in the undirected evolution of the natural world into one or more universes.

4. That EVERYTHING that begin to exist must have a cause.
Equivocation. Our intuition that "everything begins to exist has a cause" is based on experience in the world in which there existed a state of affairs temporally PRIOR to a thing existing, such that the cause existed sans the effect. If there was an initial state of affairs (as we both probably agree) then it is logically impossible for it to have been caused.
you cannot use things that are inside the universe to infer rules about the universe itself or about what is outside of it.
You cannot assume specific rules, but I'll point out that you are assuming the rule that "everything that begins to exist must have a cause". William Lane Craig assumes this to be a contingent metaphysical rule (God could have created a universe that did not follow it). By contrast, I assume metaphysical naturalism is true (it is more parsimonious than deism/theism) - and that this entails the existence of laws of nature (some of which are identified by physics, often only approximately).
Things don't pop into being uncaused out of nothing...
Red herring. An initial state of the natural world does not entail "popping into" existence - that is a logically impossible fiction, because it enrtails an existence (a state of affairs) INTO WHICH a universe could pop.

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Re: The Kalam Cosmological Argument William Lane Craig

Post #33

Post by William »

[Replying to fredonly in post #32]
Laws of nature exist as part of the fabric of natural existence, and this results in the undirected evolution of the natural world into one or more universes.
Assumption at best. The assumption allows for one to believe in chaos and mindlessness being the primary cause of formation and order.
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Re: The Kalam Cosmological Argument William Lane Craig

Post #34

Post by fredonly »

William wrote: Fri Aug 30, 2024 4:19 am [Replying to fredonly in post #32]
Laws of nature exist as part of the fabric of natural existence, and this results in the undirected evolution of the natural world into one or more universes.
Assumption at best. The assumption allows for one to believe in chaos and mindlessness being the primary cause of formation and order.
Yes, it's an assumption - one that accounts for the "mindless" evolution of the universe, and an absence of chaos. But it's a simpler than assuming a mind happens to exist.

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Re: The Kalam Cosmological Argument William Lane Craig

Post #35

Post by William »

fredonly wrote: Fri Aug 30, 2024 10:41 am
William wrote: Fri Aug 30, 2024 4:19 am [Replying to fredonly in post #32]
Laws of nature exist as part of the fabric of natural existence, and this results in the undirected evolution of the natural world into one or more universes.
Assumption at best. The assumption allows for one to believe in chaos and mindlessness being the primary cause of formation and order.
Yes, it's an assumption - one that accounts for the "mindless" evolution of the universe, and an absence of chaos. But it's a simpler than assuming a mind happens to exist.
Assuming undirected evolution "accounts" for nothing. Assuming the process is mindful is no better.

One must look at what can be at least construed as evidential of possible mindfulness, something we all have access to but is by no means simply (yet neither overly difficult).

It is important too, not to impose a double standard just because one way of thinking is simpler to do than the other. One can play in the mud and think nothing more of it than that, but that is preference rather than the only to see things and 'account" for those things seen.
If one allows for the assumption of mindlessness being able to create formation and order, one has the burden of providing explanation rationally as to how this contradiction is possible to achieve.
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Re: The Kalam Cosmological Argument William Lane Craig

Post #36

Post by fredonly »

William wrote: Fri Aug 30, 2024 3:02 pm
Assuming undirected evolution "accounts" for nothing.
You're wrong. The physical evolution of the universe is a fact that is largely explained by known physics, whose job it is to derive laws of nature. So far, no processes have been identified that point to any alternative explanation - such as a mind.
One must look at what can be at least construed as evidential of possible mindfulness,
So...make an ad hoc assumption of "mindfulness", and fit empirical facts to it. Do you see the problem?
It is important too, not to impose a double standard just because one way of thinking is simpler to do than the other.
You misrepresented what I'm saying. The question I'm dealing with is metaphysical: what is the most parsimonious metaphysical explanation, that is still coherent? Coherence, explanatory scope, and parsimony are the only objective measures we have for choosing a metaphysical explanation. Wishful thinking doesn't tend to get toward truth, and neither does an ad hoc assumption that becomes a basis for defining an alternative metaphysics.
If one allows for the assumption of mindlessness being able to create formation and order, one has the burden of providing explanation rationally as to how this contradiction is possible to achieve.
The assumption of "mindfulness" is ad hoc, and requires accounting for the existence of this quality/function. We've discussed this before, and you've shown that you are forced to make more ad hoc assumptions to account for it. The more ad hoc assumptions you depend on, the less credible it is.

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Re: The Kalam Cosmological Argument William Lane Craig

Post #37

Post by William »

[Replying to fredonly in post #36]
Assuming undirected evolution "accounts" for nothing.
You're wrong.
You used the word "assumed" re the phrase "Undirected Evolution". If your subsequent argument above is to be taken seriously, then the claim has to change to simply "Undirected Evolution" because anything simply assumed accounts for nothing, due to the assumption.
The physical evolution of the universe is a fact that is largely explained by known physics, whose job it is to derive laws of nature.
This is not under dispute (by me) but the explanation is not an assumption because it is based on what is known not what is assumed. (Any assumption about what is known is related to what is still unknown re what is known)
So far, no processes have been identified that point to any alternative explanation - such as a mind.
I myself am not arguing for an alternative explanation re a mindful thing involved with the processes being uncovered re materialism. The possibility of an overlooked undercurrent of the processes of material formation (densification) isn't alternative but a possible aspect of the whole process which would naturally be overlooked through material studies alone.

There is enough evidence imo to support the idea that the process isn't purely materialistic (in nature) but is also mindful/conscious (in the way nature unfolds re formations).

In that, I am not arguing The Kalam Cosmological Argument re William Lane Craig is correct about a supposed supernatural alternative which caused a natural universe, but that mindfulness is as natural as the nature it creates through the process and niether as unnatural/supernatural to each other because they are aspects of the one thing.
One must look at what can be at least construed as evidential of possible mindfulness, something we all have access to but is by no means simply (yet neither overly difficult).
So...make an ad hoc assumption of "mindfulness", and fit empirical facts to it. Do you see the problem?
We do not need to assume "mindfulness" in an improvised fashion. Not sure how you reached that conclusion re what I wrote, other than you quoted me out of context.

Mindfulness (consciousness et al) exists not only as an aspect of the material processes we can far more easily account for but to get anywhere productive re the material, mindfulness is essential.
Based upon that knowledge, to assume mindfulness is something along the lines of 'unnecessary" flies in the face of the evidence we have access to - just on this planet alone.
It is important too, not to impose a double standard just because one way of thinking is simpler to do than the other.
You misrepresented what I'm saying.
Unlikely. I simply cautioned against any use of double standard. If anything I may have misunderstood your statements of opinion.
The question I'm dealing with is metaphysical: what is the most parsimonious metaphysical explanation, that is still coherent? Coherence, explanatory scope, and parsimony are the only objective measures we have for choosing a metaphysical explanation. Wishful thinking doesn't tend to get toward truth, and neither does an ad hoc assumption that becomes a basis for defining an alternative metaphysics.
As I explained above, I am not arguing for an alternative explanation but for a wholesome explanation. In that, I am not suggesting that there is any requirement for us (as mindful critters in a material situation) to separate mind from matter simply because the condensed state of particles makes it easier for mind to understand the stuff of matter than it does for mind to understand the stuff of itself in relation to to said matter.
If one allows for the assumption of mindlessness being able to create formation and order, one has the burden of providing explanation rationally as to how this contradiction is possible to achieve.
The assumption of "mindfulness" is ad hoc, and requires accounting for the existence of this quality/function.
I don't think you claiming that mindfulness doesn't exist at all, so what accounts for the mindfulness we do know exists? Also, why do you argue that mindfulness would not account as a quality/function in the broader reality, when there is ample evidence to support that it certainly counts as a quality/function in the local environment (life on earth)?
We've discussed this before, and you've shown that you are forced to make more ad hoc assumptions to account for it. The more ad hoc assumptions you depend on, the less credible it is.
The existence of mindfulness (specifically but not altogether displayed through human beings) is not ad hoc and taking from that fact of mindful existence within material existence, one can indeed rational extrapolate the idea that the material (of the universe) is mindful (too) rather than simply declare such a thought to being in the realm of improvisation, and (therefore) not worthy of examination.

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Re: The Kalam Cosmological Argument William Lane Craig

Post #38

Post by fredonly »

William wrote: Sat Aug 31, 2024 4:43 pm [Replying to fredonly in post #36]
We may agree humans are "mindful", but mean very different things. To me, "mindful" means the organism performs mental activities, e.g. perceiving aspects of the world and reacting to those perceptions; It's clear this requires a complex brain.

There is no logical extrapolation from my notion of "mindfulness" to your assumption that all objects are "mindful".
There is enough evidence imo to support the idea that the process isn't purely materialistic (in nature) but is also mindful/conscious (in the way nature unfolds re formations)...Mindfulness (consciousness et al) exists not only as an aspect of the material processes we can far more easily account for but to get anywhere productive re the material, mindfulness is essential
Sounds like assumptions to me. What is it about the natural evolution of the universe (per laws of nature) that you consider evidence for something immaterial?

You seem to be saying that if one assumes there is mindfulness in nature, there is much that is more easily explainable. The same is true if one assumes a God- the God-assumption can explain anything. Explanatory power isn't evidence. What evidence can you point to that unequivocally shows that all matter is "mindful"?

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Re: The Kalam Cosmological Argument William Lane Craig

Post #39

Post by William »

[Replying to fredonly in post #38]
We may agree humans are "mindful", but mean very different things. To me, "mindful" means the organism performs mental activities, e.g. perceiving aspects of the world and reacting to those perceptions;
It is evidently way more nuanced than, but that is the gist of it
It's clear this requires a complex brain.
"Complex" compared to what (re brains)? In what way do spider brains differ in complexity to human ones (as an example) which allows for us to suppose there are "complex" and "not so complex" (or even "more complex) brains?
There is no logical extrapolation from my notion of "mindfulness" to your assumption that all objects are "mindful".
We cannot claim with any certainty that objects like Saturn or our own Moon (for example) are "objects which are mindful" but objects can be used mindfully - created mindfully (spider-webbing for example) and there would be nothing apparent gained in interacting with a rock (but much to learn in interacting with the goings on of a spider).

There is no science (that I know of) which shows us that the planet itself is NOT as it is due to what must be referred to as "Creative mindlessness". Rather science has revealed evidence that long before human minds where a thing, (and for reasons unknown) things were happening to ensure human minds would indeed become a thing.

Simply thinking such process is all a mindless result of chaotic happenstance seems way too simplistic in the face of the evidence of complexity. We should want to avoid use of Occam's Razor so inappropriately/hacking/slashing/stabbing.

Think "scalpel" but at micro aperture/delicacy/intricacy. "Steady as she goes"...
There is enough evidence imo to support the idea that the process isn't purely materialistic (in nature) but is also mindful/conscious (in the way nature unfolds re formations)...Mindfulness (consciousness et al) exists not only as an aspect of the material processes we can far more easily account for but to get anywhere productive re the material, mindfulness is essential
Sounds like assumptions to me.
Are you saying that to assume we can ever understand mindfulness/consciousness (and associated effects) is that it won't get us accounting for anything?
What is it about the natural evolution of the universe (per laws of nature) that you consider evidence for something immaterial?
Are you claiming the mind is "immaterial"? I am not arguing that myself.
You seem to be saying that if one assumes there is mindfulness in nature, there is much that is more easily explainable. The same is true if one assumes a God- the God-assumption can explain anything.
Are you saying that you consider "God" and "Mindfulness" (in the context of the Universe Possibly being mindful/self aware et al) as being synonymous?
Explanatory power isn't evidence.
I agree.
Explaining the evidence isn't evidence either.
Evidence is reporting the facts and (possible) fictions (useful or otherwise).
What evidence can you point to that unequivocally shows that all matter is "mindful"?
None. I find the question itself quite redundant. I note that the same rule applies the other way around - if the question was "What evidence can you point to that unequivocally shows that all matter is not "mindful"?

"All matter" isn't the argument anyway.

The question (re my argument) to ask would be along the lines of "What evidence can we point to that shows that a certain type of matter is mindful?"
And why shouldn't the planet itself overall qualify as being possibly mindful/self-aware/creatively intelligent et al (that could be said of such an entity re the evidence apparent).

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Re: The Kalam Cosmological Argument William Lane Craig

Post #40

Post by fredonly »

William wrote: Sat Aug 31, 2024 8:42 pm
It's clear this requires a complex brain.
"Complex" compared to what (re brains)?
I'll rephrase: It's clear "mindfulness" (i.e. the mindfulness that indisputably exists in the world) requires something with the complexity of a brain.
In what way do spider brains differ in complexity to human ones (as an example) which allows for us to suppose there are "complex" and "not so complex" (or even "more complex) brains?
All brains are complex, but human brains have a larger cerebral cortex - which (according to neuroscientists) enables more complex mental functions.
We cannot claim with any certainty that objects like Saturn or our own Moon (for example) are "objects which are mindful" ..
There is no science (that I know of) which shows us that the planet itself is NOT...
You've provided no reason to think a planet engages in mental activity. Instead, you're just assuming it does, with the weakest possible justification: science hasn't shown it not to be so. There are infinitely many possibilities. You need some justification to choose one of these over all the others.
science has revealed evidence that long before human minds where a thing, (and for reasons unknown) things were happening to ensure human minds would indeed become a thing.
You're assuming teleology: that human minds were the product of intent - that it was a goal.. I asked for evidence that unequivocally shows that all matter is "mindful". All you've done is made another ad hoc assumption
Simply thinking such process is all a mindless result of chaotic happenstance seems way too simplistic in the face of the evidence of complexity.
That's nonsense. There's no basis to claim there is, or was, chaos. It seems beyond dispute that a natural world exists, and that it behaves according to laws of nature- that is the antithesis of chaos. Complexity arises because of entropy: complex molecules are formed from simpler ones because the resulting state is entropically favorable.
Are you saying that to assume we can ever understand mindfulness/consciousness (and associated effects) is that it won't get us accounting for anything?
I'm saying that your assumption that there is "mindfulness" in all objects is unsupported by evidence: it's pure assumption, one that is unparsimonious to an extreme.
What is it about the natural evolution of the universe (per laws of nature) that you consider evidence for something immaterial?
Are you claiming the mind is "immaterial"? I am not arguing that myself.
I was referring to your statement, "There is enough evidence imo to support the idea that the process isn't purely materialistic (in nature) but is also mindful"
You seem to be saying that if one assumes there is mindfulness in nature, there is much that is more easily explainable. The same is true if one assumes a God- the God-assumption can explain anything.
Are you saying that you consider "God" and "Mindfulness" (in the context of the Universe Possibly being mindful/self aware et al) as being synonymous?
No. I'm saying both depend on an assumption that is unparsimonious to the extreme, and both you and theists are fooling yourself if you think the explanatory scope of either assumption constitutes evidence of it.
What evidence can you point to that unequivocally shows that all matter is "mindful"?
None. I find the question itself quite redundant. I note that the same rule applies the other way around - if the question was "What evidence can you point to that unequivocally shows that all matter is not "mindful"?
That reflects poor reasoning: "if you can't prove my ad hoc assumption false, then it's reasonable to believe it true".

Here's the rational way to think through this:
1. there is a single set of known, uncontroversial facts about the world
2. The objective of a metaphysical theory is to explain all those facts.
3. Different theories can be compared by considering:
a) their explanatory power (is anything left unexplained?)
b) their dependency on ad hoc assumptions (the fewer the better)
c) parsimony (the fewer kinds of things that exist, the better)
The question (re my argument) to ask would be along the lines of "What evidence can we point to that shows that a certain type of matter is mindful?"
And why shouldn't the planet itself overall qualify as being possibly mindful/self-aware/creatively intelligent et al (that could be said of such an entity re the evidence apparent).
Because it's an ad hoc assumption- there's no evidence of it.

Solipsism is possible; it can't be disproven. Do you agree that is insufficient justification for a person to believe he's the only thing that exists?

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